A Guide to Diagnosing and Managing Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infections in Adults
In adult patients, COVID-19 (Omicron variant), influenza, and RSV present with similar symptoms and can, therefore, be difficult to distinguish. This guide aims to help diagnose and treat Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
Update:
- Added Minocycline (Jan 2023 update)
For advice on how to protect yourself against infection, see I-PREVENT: COVID, Flu and RSV Protection Protocol. For treatment of COVID-19, see I-CARE: Early COVID Treatment Protocol. For treatment of Post Vaccine Complications, see I-RECOVER: Post Vaccine Treatment.
Note that there are two I-Care Protocols; the I-Care Covid protocol to treat Covid and this protocol, I-Care Flu protocol.
The information in this document is our recommended approach to COVID-19 based on the best (and most recent) literature. It is provided as guidance to healthcare providers worldwide on the early treatment of COVID-19. Patients should always consult with their provider before starting any medical treatment. New medications may be added and/or changes made to doses of existing medications as further evidence emerges. For more information on nutritional therapeutics and how they can help with COVID-19, visit our guide to Nutritional Therapeutics. For more information on vitamins and nutraceuticals during pregnancy, visit our guide to Vitamins and Nutraceuticals During Pregnancy.
For additional information on early treatment, the rationale behind these medications, and other optional treatments, see A Guide to Early Treatment of COVID-19. Early treatment is critical and the most important factor in managing this disease.
Influenza characteristically begins with the abrupt onset of fever, nonproductive cough, and myalgia. Other symptoms include malaise, sore throat, nausea, nasal congestion, and headache. Gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea are usually not part of influenza in adults.
Older adults (≥65 years) and immunosuppressed patients are more likely to have subtle signs and symptoms; they may present without fever and with milder systemic symptoms than other patients; however, older adults have a higher frequency of altered mental status.
To test for influenza, conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays are preferred, if available; these are the most sensitive and specific tests for diagnosis of influenza virus infection. An alternative diagnostic test for influenza is an antigen detection assay. These assays have low to moderate sensitivity but high specificity.
RSV is highly infectious, and virtually all individuals have been infected with RSV by the age of two. Previous infection with RSV does not appear to protect against reinfection. Healthy adults are infected with RSV repeatedly throughout their lives and typically have symptoms restricted to the upper respiratory tract.
Signs include cough, cold-like symptoms, runny nose, and conjunctivitis. Compared with other respiratory viruses, RSV is more likely to cause sinus and ear involvement with less prominent fever. RSV is an important and often unrecognized cause of lower respiratory tract infection in older adults and immunocompromised adults.
Diagnosis of RSV is based on a PCR test as well as rapid antigen tests. In adults, the antigen tests have a high specificity however they are less sensitive than PCR-based assays.
Treatment for Influenza and RSV
(Not symptom specific; listed in order of importance.)
This protocol should also be used in patients with an undiagnosed flu-like illness, i.e., those who have not been tested or those whose tests are negative. We would suggest this treatment protocol in those with diagnosed Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV); however, in low-risk patients with mild RSV we would suggest omitting Nitazoxanide/ivermectin.
Nasal spray: 2-3 times a day
A 1% povidone-iodine nasal spray and a nasal spray with Iota-Carrageenan are potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus, and dramatically alter the course of infections with these viruses. Nasal irrigations with saline as well as neutral electrolyzed water may also be of some benefit.
Mouthwash: 2-3 times daily
Antiseptic-antimicrobial mouthwashes have been shown to inhibit replication of multiple respiratory viruses, including influenza and RSV. We recommend products containing chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, cetylpyridinium chloride (e.g., Scope™, Act™, Crest™, or the combination of eucalyptus, menthol, and thymol (e.g., Listerine™).
Elderberry: 4 times daily, according to manufacturer’s dosing guidelines
Vitamin C: 500-1000 mg, 4 times daily
Vitamin C has important anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-enhancing properties, including increased synthesis of type I interferons. The effects of Vitamin C on the course of upper respiratory tract infections have long been recognized
Nitazoxanide: 500 mg, 2 times daily
Nitazoxanide (NTZ), an oral antiparasitic drug, has activity against many protozoa and helminths and – like ivermectin – has been shown to have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory effects and broad spectrum antiviral activity that includes influenza virus, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2.
Ivermectin: 0.4 mg/kg for 5 days
In-vitro (test tube) studies suggest that ivermectin has broad antiviral activity against RNA viruses including influenza. However, there is no (published) clinical data on the use of ivermectin in the treatment of influenza. Therefore, we recommend ivermectin as part of a multi-drug regimen when nitazoxanide is not available. Ivermectin is best taken with a meal. This drug should be avoided in pregnancy and in patients taking calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine and Prograf).
Zinc: 50-90 mg daily
Zinc is essential for innate and adaptive immunity, with zinc deficiency being a major risk factor for influenza. Due to competitive binding with the same gut transporter, prolonged high-dose zinc (> 50mg day) should be avoided, as this is associated with copper deficiency. Commercial zinc supplements contain 7 to 80 mg of elemental zinc and are commonly formulated as zinc oxide or salts with acetate, gluconate, and sulfate.
N-acetylcysteine (NAC): 600-1200 mg orally, 2 times daily
NAC, the precursor of reduced glutathione, penetrates cells where it is deacetylated to yield L-cysteine, thereby promoting glutathione (GSH) synthesis. NAC has a broad range of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating mechanisms.
Sunlight and photobiomodulation (PBM): 30 minutes daily
PBM is also known as low-level light therapy, red light therapy, and near-infrared light therapy. Sunlight has great therapeutic powers. Apart from stimulating Vitamin D synthesis, red and near-infrared light have a profound effect on human physiology, notably acting as a mitochondrial stimulant and increasing ATP production.
When it is neither feasible nor practical to expose yourself to midday sunshine, patients can expose themselves to red
and near-infrared radiation from LED panels or incandescent lamps.
Melatonin: 5-10 mg nightly
Melatonin is a potent antioxidant with important anti-inflammatory effects. Slow- or extended-release preparations are preferred. If 10 mg is not well tolerated, cut the dose to 5 mg, and slowly increase as tolerated.
In patients who are highly symptomatic, over the counter “flu” preparations with acetaminophen, antihistamines, and a decongestant are suggested.
Tamiflu
Since the first pandemic scare of this century (H5N1 avian influenza in 2004), governments
have been stockpiling the neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir (Relenza) and especially
oseltamivir (Tamiflu) in vast quantities. The United Kingdom, United States, and many
other countries hold enough stocks of these antivirals to offer courses of treatment to a
quarter of their population. Most European states have oseltamivir as a core feature of
their response, according to their published pandemic response plans.
A Cochrane review in 2014 that used the newly released data found insufficient evidence to
support claims that oseltamivir reduced lower respiratory tract complications or impeded
viral transmission. [80;81] There was no significant reduction in the risk of pneumonia,
bronchitis, otitis media, sinusitis, or any complication classified as serious and no reduction
in the risk of hospitalization. The reviewers also raised new questions about the drug’s harm
profile, stating “the use of oseltamivir increases the risk of adverse effects, such as nausea,
vomiting, psychiatric effects and renal events in adults and vomiting in children.”
An additional analysis demonstrated that Oseltamivir had no protective effect on mortality
among patients with 2009A/H1N1 influenza. Furthermore, data suggest that Tamiflu does not have antiviral properties but rather acts as an antipyretic (fever reducer). As
treatment with Tamiflu only suppresses symptoms, “then infected people could be going to
work and school feeling fine, while passing on the flu virus.” [
Independent Medical Alliance]
IVERMECTIN Testimonial - Chronic Cough months after a viral lung infection
Dr William Makis
shared on X/Twitter in March 2025:
IVERMECTIN Testimonial - Chronic Cough months after a viral lung infection
"Last summer, we spent a week with some family members. They had...respiratory problems" (they were probably multiply mRNA Vaccinated)
"After that week my wife and I were sick for most of the summer"
"Now in February 2025 I'm still coughing...when I exert my self physically, my lungs hurt after a while"
Day 1: "Took 12mg of ivermectin"
Day 2: Already feeling better, took another 12mg
Day 3: Continued with 12mg. "Felt so much better - no difficulty breathing and my lungs no longer felt uncomfortable"
"One week later, I'm breathing better than I have in a year!"
"I'm 57 and usually cough in the mornings...now it's almost completely gone!"
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