The COVID Advisor

Abstract Long COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), affects millions worldwide, manifesting as persistent symptoms including fatigue, cognitive impairment, and multi-organ dysfunction. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the role of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein in long COVID pathophysiology, focusing on mechanisms such as persistent inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. We searched major databases using keywords related to "SARS-CoV-2 spike protein," "long COVID," and "post-acute sequelae," identifying 76 relevant studies published up to August 2025. Key findings indicate that persistent S protein, detected in tissues up to 4 years post-infection, drives chronic inflammation via TLR4 activation and cytokine dysregulation (1, 2). Therapeutic targets include S protein-neutralizing agents and autophagy enhancers. This review highlights the need for longitudinal studies to confirm...

Overview A new COVID-19 variant, identified as NB.1.8.1, has recently emerged and is drawing international attention due to its increasing prevalence, particularly in China, and its detection in the United States and other countries. October 2025 Update: The Stratus Variant (XFG): Symptoms, Global Spread, and Impact in Late 2025 1. Emergence and Spread of NB.1.8.1 Origin and Detection: NB.1.8.1 was first identified as a significant driver of rising COVID-19 cases in China. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed its presence in the United States, though as of late May 2025, fewer than 20 cases had been reported domestically. Global Spread: The World Health Organization (WHO) and multiple health authorities have noted that NB.1.8.1 is now spreading worldwide, with cases reported in several countries. Its rapid dissemination has raised concerns about potential increases in COVID-19 cases in various regions. 2. Variant Characteristics Genetic Profile: NB.1.8.1 ...

More than four years following the emergence of COVID-19, a subset of individuals experience persistent, multisystem symptoms extending beyond three months post-infection or post-exposure to mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines.  This condition, historically termed "Long COVID," has recently been redefined by some researchers as "Post-Spike Syndrome" (PSS) or "SPIKEOPATHY," emphasizing the pathogenic role of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein derived from both viral infection and mRNA vaccination.  This article summarizes the most recent scientific findings and clinical advances to help patients and healthcare providers better understand and manage this complex condition. Latest Research Insights on Long COVID Immune System Markers and Genetic Risk Factors A recent clinical study led by Cardiff Metropolitan University and Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board identified elevated levels of the immune protein Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in people suffering from Long COVID co...